Two new tax acts were delivered in the past 12 months: The SECURE Act and the CARES Act. If you are aware of the changes to individual retirement accounts (IRA), you may be able take advantage of them in 2020. The SECURE Act significantly changed the planning techniques often recommended and implemented by Novi. It will now require most beneficiaries to withdrawal all money at the closing of the 10th year. The CARES provided some flexibility by suspending required minimum distribution rules for 2020.
These two items provide an opportunity to perform Roth Conversions. Since distributions are required over 10 years for beneficiaries, it can often be advantageous for higher net-worth individuals to pay taxes now at a potentially lower tax year and convert some of the IRA to a Roth IRA. It is important to be aware of the tax brackets, other sources of income and other thresholds such as those for Medicare premiums.
We hope this serves as a reminder as you perform your year-end tax planning. If you have not taken your RMD for 2020, you have some available space in your income for 2020 to convert some of your Traditional IRA to a Roth IRA.
Chances are you know the difference between a traditional IRA and a Roth but the gist is this. The contributions to a traditional IRA are tax-exempt, but when the money is taken out of a traditional IRA in retirement, it is taxed at the retiree’s current tax rate. In contrast, contributions to a Roth are not tax-exempt, but the money comes out tax-free. If you convert from traditional to Roth, then you must pay ordinary income taxes on the money that is shifted over at ordinary income rates, as the price for getting tax-free distributions in the future.
In general, you do not want to convert assets from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA unless you can pay those taxes with outside funds; otherwise, you’re reducing the money that can accrue tax-free until the money is needed. The traditional calculation is that the conversion only makes sense if the person’s tax rate today is lower than the future tax rate—and if you have a crystal ball which tells you what future tax rates will be, we would like to have a conversation about it. But some bets are better than others. The years between when a person leaves work and age 72 (when that person must take required minimum distributions out of the traditional IRA) can be ideal for a conversion. The tax rate during those years when no employment income is earned can be low, and partial conversions up to certain tax brackets can be very attractive. This reduces the required minimum distributions (RMDs)
So, what is the additional argument for a Roth conversion post-SECURE Act? Some people do not need their IRA assets to pay for retirement. So, they take the lowest amount possible—the RMD—out each year, maintaining a balance, which they will leave to their heirs. The additional benefits accrue to the heirs, particularly if the heirs would inherit the account during their peak earning years.
Under SECURE, If the Roth IRA account is inherited, it still must be liquidated within ten years of receipt—just like the traditional IRA. But the Roth beneficiaries face a simpler set of choices regarding the payment of taxes. If they inherit a traditional IRA, they must decide whether to take the money out all at once at the end of 10 years, and risk having a huge tax bill because the distribution puts them in the highest tax bracket or take the money out gradually and forego years of tax-free compounding. If the new owners of the account is in their prime earning years, then they may already be in a high tax bracket and be pushed higher no matter what they do. A big part of the bequest would be lost to taxes.
The Roth IRA beneficiary, meanwhile, has the luxury of allowing the full 10 years of compounding to proceed without any tax consequences to worry about. He or she is never pushed into a higher bracket during peak earning years. A Roth conversion by the parents is thus a way to transfer more assets to the heirs.
Everybody considering a Roth conversion should talk with a professional to get a full analysis of the potential benefits and drawbacks—understanding, of course, that this analysis requires modeling the unknown future tax code and income levels of potential heirs. Paying taxes now for benefits in the future could be a great strategy under a variety of circumstances which are, alas, still essentially unknowable.